Women and the Right to Vote (the Suffragist Movement) Essay

Women and the Right to Vote (the Suffragist Movement) - Essay Example In the declaration, there were issues of the troubled women of America. They sought the right to own property, to keep their own wages, to ‘divorce, to gain custody of their children, to attend college, to vote and to serve in professions like theology, medicine and law’ (The Elizabeth Cady Station and Susan B. Antony Papers Project). However, the most noticeable demand was women’s suffrage. In fact, one can find a large number of reasons behind the struggle for suffrage. Even in the early part of the 19th century, there were a few female figures that fought for equal rights. A prominent figure was Frances Wright who came to the U.S from Scotland as early as in 1826. She conducted large number of lectures to make the society aware of the issue. Similarly, Ernestine Rose from Poland too was busy educating women about their rights. Also, there was Margaret Fuller who wrote the famous The Great Lawsuit: Man vs. Woman. However, the movement got its united form in the year 1848 when Gerrit Smith was nominated as the presidential candidate of Liberty Party. In fact, he was Elizabeth Cady’s first cousin. So, it was common for them to engage in discussion and debate over political matters. Thus, in the National Liberty Convention held at New York in the same year, Smith gave the movement a good beginning through his speech. He pointed out in his speech that women were not enfranchised in any nation of the world. He argued for the introduction of universal suffrage, and as a result of the speech, Lucretia Mott-a woman candidate- was nominated to the vice-president post for the first time in history. However, things were not so easy for women at that time because most of the male leaders and activists of anti-slavery movement disliked the presence of women in agitations. As a result, most males disliked the role of women activists who had been a vital part of the reform movements till then. However as McMillen reports, observing the evident dis content from the part of their male compatriots, people like Mott and Stanton decided to hold the Seneca Falls Convention; and the Convention was attended by important figures like Lucretia Mott, Mary Ann M’Clintock, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (12). However, what marred the suffragist movement from the very beginning were the extreme internal differences in opinion and the lack of a strong leadership. After the 1848 convention, there was the even bigger National Women’s Rights Convention in the year 1950. In fact, this was organized by Lucy Stone in collaboration with various other early activists like Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis, Wendell Philips, William Lloyd Garrison, and Abby Kelley Foster. Though there were a large number of questions that remained unanswered ranging from whether to include males in the movement, who to lead the movement, what strategy to be adopted, and what solutions are to be sought, it was decided in total that the movement would work to ensu re women a position equal to men. The so-called meetings encouraged a large number of activists to join the movement. Some important figures who joined the movement in this way are Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and ex-slave Sojourner Truth. In fact, the suffrage movement was not only the result of the desire to vote but was the result of the understanding of years and years of suppression of the weaker gender by both the State and the Church. This feeling is well-documented in the work by Matilda Joslyn Gage in the year 1881 named Preceding Causes. She points out that the so-called ‘subjection to the powers that be’ resulted in the suppression of free thought, annihilation of all those who

Is a Shared Services Model of Human Resources an Effective Way to Essay

Is a Shared Services Model of Human Resources an Effective Way to Deliver HR Services - Essay Example For many organizations, it takes much time and efforts to overcome resistance to change and than, start to implement "a shared services model". Another "con" of the approach is that some organizations do not need centralization of their activities. Very often employees are neglected during the development of "a shared services model", so they feel lack of motivation and lack of training which resulted in failure. "A shared services model" is not only a cost reduction method, but a new system of administration. In changing economic environment, "a shared services model" becomes one of the most widely spread business strategies. The main problem faced by the companies today is that, in some cases, implementation of '"a shared services model" fails. And instead of benefits and cost saving companies have to make additional spending to restore their strong position. The concept of shared services is not new. It was introduced by Ulrich in 1995, but recent years, this concept becomes "a buzz word" (Shared Services, 2005). The main mistake made by some companies is that "a shared services model" is treated as universal "panacea" for managing people and organisations as it is intimately involved with the environment in general. The issue of a "shared services model" is controversial, because it is impossible to develop a single problem solving approach for all types of organisations and management styles. In some cases, "a shared services model" shows a great potential for organisations to save costs and implement quality services. Unfortunately, there are many organisations unable to implement changes connected with and caused by a "shared services model" as well as unable to foresee limitations of this model for their performance. The preliminary research finds out that "a shared services model" has disadvantages and a negative impact on the successful implementation of quality services as organizational structure is often neglected in the operational change. So, the aim of the paper is to examine and analyze disadvantages of "a shared services model" and to determine the main factors of poor implementation of "a shared services model" which caused it to fail. It is important to note that this is not a completely new concept, because it embodies the principles of commercial partnerships. "Organizations in other industry sectors have been using shared service centers for a decade or more to achieve economies of scale and drive greater process consistency, especially in geographically or organizationally dispersed business units" (Harris, 2004). Literature Review In 1995, David Ulrich in his article "Shared services: from vogue to value" (published in Human Resource Planning) described the concept of a "shared services model". Nevertheless, a slogan "the user is the chooser" created by David Ulrich became the core of this model. In 1997, David Ulrich published a book "Human Resource Champion" giving theoretical background of the concept and practical advice for those who want to implement a "shared service model". The limitation of his study is that he does not pay much attention to possible limitations of this model. Another guru of "a shared service model", P. Reilly (2000), gives detailed overview of the concept in his work "HR shared services and the realignment of HR".

Respiratory System Procedures

Respiratory System Procedures Carol Bailey, MSN, RN Introduction | Task | Process | Evaluation | Conclusion | Credits Introduction You are a nurse working in a PCU. Your clinical unit specializes in the care of patients who are undergoing treatment for pulmonary disease. You often provide care and patient teaching for patients having tests and procedures for pulmonary conditions. Your assignment today includes providing care and education support for 2 patients. You have a student nurse observing in your unit today. As you teach, please be sure to include rationales and answer the student’s questions. The Task Patient 1: Mr. Paul Monary, a 58 year old farmer, was admitted to your unit with complaint of progressive hoarseness, difficulty in swallowing, and loss of appetite over the past 3 months. The medical plan of care involves chemotherapy and radiation therapy. He will need a tracheostomy prior to beginning therapies. Objective data: He smokes 1 pack of cigarettes per day. His weight has decreased from 200 pounds to 180 pounds over the past 3 months. The results of a CT scan and MRI reveal that this patient has throat cancer. Subjective data: The doctor said I would have a tracheostomy, but I don’t really know what that means for me. I don’t know how I am going to manage my farm if I have to have surgery. The nursing diagnosis you must address is knowledge deficit related to lack of information regarding care of a tracheostomy as evidenced by patient’s verbal response. Patient 2: Ms. Flora Vack, a 25 year old female, is a bull rider in the â€Å"Riding Stars Rodeo† that is currently performing at the Civic Center. She was thrown from a bull in last night’s performance and received repeated kicks to her left posterior chest. She was seen in the emergency room and admitted for follow up care. Her chest X-ray reveals a large pleura effusion on the left. You are assigned to prepare the patient for a thoracentesis. Outcome: You assist with the thoracentesis. 1,500 ml of pink tinged pleural fluid is removed. The patient experiences a pneumothorax following the procedure and a chest tube is inserted and connected to an atrium ocean chest tube drain. You are assigned to prepare the patient for chest tube insertion and to manage the chest tubes after the procedure. The Process To accomplish the task, you will review information from the links provided for each patient to fill in the table below. Patient 1 Links: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoSTehS7iq8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo74zm3ULyk Tracheostomy regular manual approach http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6TVOSb6sqL8feature=related Tracheostomy percutaneous insertion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SloXwGG2n-Q Tracheostomy – percutaneous view from inside the trachea http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhasybkUrzkfeature=related Laryngoscopy (this one was just cool!) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYpDwhpILkQfeature=related effects of smoking: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/ effects all organs of the body http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0264.pdf immediate effects http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Smoking_effects_on_your_body http://www.quitsmoking.com/content/how-smoking-affects-your-body trach care http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wimw7bz0fLofeature=related suctioning trach http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVuPzhOWxRsfeature=related cleaning intercannula and trach dressing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivUKHnnTKb4feature=related fenestrated trach tube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzYPp5h_vx8feature=related passey-muir speaking valve http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/tracheostomy/living/passey-muir_valve.html http://www.passy-muir.com/video_page Bottom of Form Click on â€Å"Videos† at the top of the home page. CEUs | Videos | News and Events | FAQs | Contact Us | International Then under – â€Å"Passy-Muir Animations† – There is a play list with 6 videos. View all videos except for the one on mechanical ventilation. Patient 2 Links: thoracentesis demo on real patient http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noDxydboLrAfeature=related chest tube insertion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=424M8L5Z_EQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_0K8o98SPw http://www.atriummed.com/EN/chest_drainage/education.asp Review â€Å"Managing chest drainage† ppt presentation for nursing educators (note: this ppt includes nursing assessment) Under the Product support tab: Along the left column under â€Å"Traditional Drainage† – click on â€Å"Ocean† Under education resources click on â€Å"Set up and Operation video†. Next click on Oasis, then pneumostat section. The video’s on ocean, oasis, and pneumostat are interesting and helpful to understand the function and assessment of a chest tube drainage system http://www.atriumu.com/ Click on the â€Å"Learning† tab Chest drainage 101 chapter 1 – 4 and Managing chest drainage part 1-6 are excellent resources of education developed by Atrium – a common brand of chest drainage system aking chest tube out / closing with a suture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GTecWv5h6cfeature=related Nursing Assessment of the patient with a chest tube. Patient 1: Mr. Paul Monary NANDA: Knowledge deficit r/t lack of information regarding care of a tracheostomy AEB by patient’s verbal response. Client outcomes: Patient will Describe what a tracheostomy is and why it is necessary Describe the purpose of suctioning Demonstrate clearning of the innercannula and trach dressing Identify the effects on cigarette smoking on his current state of health List safety precautions in the use of the Passey-Muir valve Note: Respond to the patient’s questions using terminology the patient can understand. Respond to the Student nurse’s questions using professional terminology. Patient teaching: explain to this patient what a tracheostomy is and why it is necessary for him while having radiation therapy Patient teaching: explain to this patient the purpose of suctioning the trach and how it is accomplished. (explain the in-hospital sterile procedure – in your own works as if you were telling the patient all the steps you are taking and why) Patient teaching: explain to this patient how the nurse will clean the innercannula and why it is done (in-hospital sterile procedure) Patient teaching: explain to this patient, the effect of smoking on the lungs and on oxygenation Patient teaching: explain to this patient, the effect of smoking on the body. Patient teaching: explain to this patient how the passey-muir valve works and list safety precautions Answering the student nurse’s questions: how does the percutaneous insertion of the trach differ from the regular manual insertion? Answering the student nurse’s questions: How is a fenestrated trach tube different from a regular tube? Is there any potential complications with the fenestrated tube? List 3 additional Nursing Diagnosis (in 3 part format) appropriate for Mr. Monary: 1. 2. 3. Note: must list actual nursing diagnosis in 3 part format – not â€Å"at risk for† Patient 2 Ms. Flora Vack Respond to the patient’s questions (using terminology the patient can understand) Respond to the Student nurse’s questions (using professional terminology. Patient question: What is a thoracentesis? A thoracentesis is when a needle is inserted through your chest wall and then into the pleural space (Lewis, 2014). The pleural space is the thin, but large lining of tissue that surrounds your lungs and lines your chest cavity (Lewis, 2014). We do this to take samples to perform some diagnostic testing, remove excess fluid or air and give medications directly to the pleural space (Lewis, 2014). In your situation we are using a thoracentesis to drain the fluid buildup from your lungs by inserting the large needle and letting it drain out (Thoracentesis to remove 1200cc of Pleural Fluid at Harborview). Answering the student nurse’s questions: How do you position the patient for a thoracentesis? What do I do to assist the doctor during this procedure? You need to position the patient with their elbows on over the bedside adjustable table, sitting in the upright position (Thoracentesis to remove 1200cc of Pleural Fluid at Harborview). Their feet should be supported and you can place a pillow across their abdomen for additional support (Thoracentesis to remove 1200cc of Pleural Fluid at Harborview). During a thoracentesis the nurse will assist the doctor by supporting the patient throughout the procedure and answering any questions she may have (Thoracentesis to remove 1200cc of Pleural Fluid at Harborview). Throughout the procedure you will need to ask assessment questions to determine how the patient is tolerating the procedure and to facilitate any alterations in body position, such as resting their head during the procedure if they feel light headed (Thoracentesis to remove 1200cc of Pleural Fluid at Harborview). You will also monitor vital signs throughout the procedure (Lewis, 2014). Also, make sure you ensure the patient is properly oxygenated by administering any supplemental oxygen that may be necessary (Lewis, 2014). After the procedure you will need to make sure you apply a sterile dressing to the puncture site (Lewis, 2014) Patient question: What is the purpose of a chest tube and drainage system? The purpose of a chest tube and drainage system is to drain the air or gas that has built up in the area around your lungs due to your pneumothorax (Chest Tube Insertion part 1/2). The space around your lungs is known as the pleural space (Chest Tube Insertion part 1/2). This is the lining of tissue that surrounds your lungs and lines your chest cavity (Chest Tube Insertion part 1/2). This reestablishes negative pressure in your lungs which allows your lungs to expand properly (Lewis, 2014). Answering the student nurse’s questions: What is the underwater seal of a chest drainage system and how does it work? The underwater seal of a chest drainage system is what allows the air or fluid to leave the pleural space but also prevents the backflow of air or fluid back into the pleural cavity (Chest Tube Insertion part 2/2). The way the underwater seal works is that is contains about 2 cm of water and when the air or gas enters up, or bubbles, through the water it acts as a one way valve (Lewis, 2014). Answering the student nurse’s questions: When do I expect to see bubbles in the underwater seal section of the chest tube drainage system? (what circumstances will cause bubbling in this chamber) Answering the student nurse’s questions: The atrium pleura drain uses the same concepts at the 3 bottle system of chest tube bottles. What is the main function of each of the bottles? Bottle 1 = Bottle 2 = Bottle 3 = Answering the student nurse’s questions: What should I include in the assessment and care of a patient who has a chest tube? (include assessment of the patient as well as the drainage system) Answering the student nurse’s questions: Describe to the student nurse how the chest tube will be removed, how the nurse will assist, and observation and care of the site. Evaluation Your grade for this exercise will be 2% of your grade for this course. Grading will use the rubric below. Maximum points = 36. This webquest is due to be submitted by 1:00 PM, October 17, 2014. Learning Objectives Beginning 1 point Developing 2 points Accomplished 3 points Score Describes the purpose of a tracheostomy including the difference between a regular tube and a fenestrated tube Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Limited explanation Effectively explains the purpose of a tracheostomy and the fenestrated tube Explains the purpose and steps of trach suctioning and cleaning of the inner cannula Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Limited explanation Effectively explains trach suctioning and cleaning of the inner cannula using terms appropriate for patient education Identifies the effects of smoking on the respiratory system Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Identifies only 3 smoking risks on the respiratory system (lungs) Explains effectively to the patient the effect smoking has on their lungs. Identifies the effects of smoking on the body Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Identifies only 3 smoking risks to the body Explains effectively to the patient the effect smoking has on their body. Explains the purpose of the passey-muir valve and how it works. Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Limited explanation Effectively explains purpose of a passey-muir valve and how it works using terms appropriate for patient education Identifies safety precautions for use of a passey-muir valve. Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Identifies only 3 safety precautions Explains safety precautions effectively to the patient. Critiques the difference between the surgical insertion and the percutaneous insertion of the tracheostomy tube Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Limited explanation Clearly critiques the difference in the 2 insertion techniques for tracheostomy insertion. Identifies 3 actual nursing diagnosis using the 3 part format (diagnosis / related to / AEB) Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Nursing diagnoses do not include pertinent diagnoses or format is not followed Identifies 3 actual nursing diagnosis pertinent to this patient in proper format Describes the procedure, performing a thoracentesis Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Limited Explains the procedure effectively including patient positioning Recognizes normal versus abnormal function of the chest tube system Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Limited explanation Recognizes which chambers bubbling may occur and what that means Describes the function of the 3 bottle chest tube system Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Limited explanation Fully explains the function of each of the 3 bottles Demonstrates knowledge in the care of the patient with a chest tube drain and chest tube removal. Response reflects limited knowledge of this objective Limited explanation Explains effectively to the student nurse, how to care for a chest tube drain, including assessment of the patient Conclusion This WebQuest will support learning and application of materials covered in Lewis, Chapters 26, 27, and 28. I hope you found the exercise to be a fun, interesting way to learn. In addition to Web links, you may use your NANDA and Lewis books as needed to support your answers. You must cite references for your answers using APA format. Credits References Ackley, B. J. Ladwig, G. B. (2008). Nursing diagnosis handbook: A guide to planning care (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Elsevier Atrium Chest Drainage Education. www.atriummed.com/Products/Chest_Drains/education.asp Chest Tube Insertion part 1/2. (2012, July 13). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=424M8L5Z_EQ Chest Tube Insertion part 2/2. (2012, July 13). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=424M8L5Z_EQ Lewis, S.M., Heitkemper, M.M., Dirksen, S.R., O’Brien, P.G., Giddens, J.F, Bucher, L. (2007). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems (8th ed.). St.Louis: Mosby-Elsevier. Lewis, S. M., Dirksen, S. R. (2014). Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems (Ninth ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier. Ocean Drain Education Video. (n.d.). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.atriummed.com/EN/chest_drainage/edu-files/ocean-video1.asp Thoracentesis to remove 1200cc of Pleural Fluid at Harborview. (2007, November 2). Retrieved March 11, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noDxydboLrAfeature=related Based on a template from The WebQuest Page

The Good Life :: Essays Papers

The Good Life In The Good Earth, by Pearl S, Wang Lung the main character is a poor peasant who buys a wife and moves up in the social ladder during the peasants' revolution. This story displays many major ideas of ancient Chinese culture, such as the social order, the treatment of women, and the role of the family in everyday life. At the beginning of the movie the following quote appears on the screen "The soul of a great nation is expressed in the life of its humblest people. In this simple story of a Chinese farmer may be found something of the soul of China. Its humility, its courage, its deep heritage from the past and its vast promise for the future." This means that an empire's greatness can also be measured by the life of its poorest people, and from this you can tell its character and where the empire is going. The Good Earth is an accurate reproduction of China during the Song and Tang Dynasties. The role of the family was completely represented in both the film and the book. The oldest male in the family is always greatly respected with filial piety. Filial piety was the the idea that elders should be respected and the older you were the wiser you were. In the beginning, Wang Lung bought an ugly slave for a wife because his wise father told him to. Wang Lung's respect for his father somewhat diminishes as his wealth increases and because of this he buys a second wife for his own pleasure. This shows that the Chinese society was predisposed against women and they were a disgrace to the family. The Good Earth shows the treatment, or mistreatment, of women accurately. O-Lan was treated badly by today's standards, but Wang Lung was kind to her compared many other husbands back then. Women in China were treated as slaves, they often worked in the fields, kept the house, and cared for the children. If a couple had a girl as a first child then there was a good chance that she would be killed because only men could earn good money. Some women had their feet bound to keep them small, this was thought to be attractive. If a woman's feet were bound then she could not be a slave or even walk properly on retarded feet. Rich men sometimes had two wives, one they bought for slave work and the other for beauty.

Case Analysis- Colgate Max Fresh: Global Brand Rollout Essay

Q1. Did China and Mexico each do a good job of adapting the launch to meet local consumer needs? What is the likely profit impact of each plan? Which of the proposed adaptations were â€Å"must haves† versus â€Å"nice to haves†? China Though freshness accounted for 28% of consumer reason for a toothpaste purchase was a new concept Responses of the customer were above the norms for new toothpaste products in terms of buying behavior, perceived quality, value for money, and uniqueness Sales in first year of 3882 tons, COGS as 50 % of sales and marketing expenses of 78% Sales in second year of 4370 tons, COGS as 41 % of sales and marketing expenses of 42% Given this trend the expected contribution margin will go up to nearly 70% and if marketing expenses comes down to 35% we have an operating profit of 985,000$ in 3rd year. This adaptation is â€Å"a must have† as it clearly describes the need of the consumer that can be satisficed profitably. Mexico The main reason for purchase was cavity protection and freshness was an appealing concept. Responses of the customer were below norms for new toothpaste products in terms of intention to buy, buying behavior, perceived quality, and uniqueness. Sales in first year of 1600 tons, COGS as 47 % of sales and marketing expenses of 15% Sales in second year of 1850 tons, COGS as 40 % of sales and marketing expenses of 10% Given this trend the expected contribution margin will go up to nearly 70% and if marketing expenses comes down to 8% we have an operating profit of 700,000$ in year 3 This adaptation is â€Å"a nice to have† as it has acceptance that is slightly below par while at the same time preventing crest to gain acceptance in the market. Q2. From a global CMF perspective, what is the short- and long-term impact of the complexity born out of these local adaptations? Is this added complexity good or bad for the global CMF business? China Globally, the short-term affects of the complexity born out of these adaptations is rather expensive. Though it was expensive to adapt the Chinese advertisements, but in the long-term it will profitable since fressness is a important factor in china while making the purchase and the sales are increasing. Mexico In Mexico, the cost of adaptation is about a third of that in China, but they havent reached the market as well as they would have liked. It may have just held off Crest in the short-term for value share, but in they should meet the expectation of the customers while adapting marketing plan for Mexico. Global Implication Added complexity is crucial to Colgate Max Fresh’s global business as it shows that they have put lot of emphasis in meeting the customers needs and demand and positive reponse will be delivered. Had they not spent this time in studying customer needs the demand for the product would have dropped. Burton and Colgate-Palmolive need to make sure that they adapt all the aspect of their product to meet the consumers need and demand in local as well as global markets .It may be expensive in the short-run, but it will pay off in the long-run. Q3. What guidelines could Burton propose going forward to optimize new product introductions for CP worldwide, for the regions, and for the country subsidiaries? Global marketing strategy involves: Keeping the Balance in the global brand and appeal to distinct regions. Successful global marketing campaigns, leveraging similarities to deliver same message and limit costs while also modifiying advertising to align with regional cultural preferences. Forces to drive the globalization of marketing and demands: Market Drivers: Global customers, basic customer needs, Cooling crystals Cost Drivers: Economies of scale potential of campaigns, different icon as per the different regions or countries, importance of Trade-off between icons and opportunistic locations. Competitive drivers: Realisation of global competitors, first mover advantage,threats from competitors innovation Government drivers: Consideration of regulation and censorship, unique promotion strategy when there is inability to mention competitors name, understanding the market potential while entering new territory, Identify the antecedents of brand value, objective seting for brand development, allocation of resources across products.

Are Entrepreneurs Born or Made Essay

Introduction An entrepreneur is a person who sets up a business by taking on financial risks in hope to make a profit. The word entrepreneur stems from the French word entreprendrà © which means ‘to undertake’. A couple of examples are Lord Alan Sugar and Bill Gates. Lord Sugar is an entrepreneur worth  £800 million. He started by selling car aerials out of a van, he then set up his company, Amstrad which sold affordable hi-fi turntable covers. In 1993 he founded Amsair Executive Aviation with his son Daniel who provide executive and business jet charters. Bill Gates was the world’s first centibillionaire. He began programming aged 13 and continued to gain experience with computing before studying law at Harvard. He spent most of time there programming and created Microsoft. This became the most used computer software in the world. He was CEO up until 2008 and is still a chair in the company. This essay will look at the traits that many entrepreneurs have and see which ones you are born with and which are attainable through education or training allowing anyone to become an entrepreneur. It will conclude arguing that entrepreneurs are made though not all the traits can be improved through training. Traits of Entrepreneurs One trait of entrepreneurs is the need for independence (Brooks 2011). Many entrepreneurs do not want to work for other people and it is this independence that attracts them as they can control their own work and life, it is often a more flexible lifestyle as an entrepreneur can take time off when he wants to. Another trait is the need for fulfilment (Delgado-Garcà ­a et al. 2012). This is believed to be the main drive in entrepreneurs and it isn’t always making money that is the aim. Often their targets are very personal such as becoming international or to employ 100 employees (Brooks 2011). There is also the trait of having an internal locus of control. Being an internal means that you believe you control a broad array of factors in your life (Judge & Bono 2001). An external is the opposite and believes in fate and not being able to control your entire life. These people are less likely to take risks and therefore would make poor entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs need to be self confident. If an entrepreneur isn’t confident in their product or service they are providing then it will be less likely  the entrepreneur will be successful. For investors and shareholders to be confident in the business or business plan then the entrepreneur must be 100% confident in what he is pitching. Entrepreneurs must be innovative also. They must be able to use innovation to create an opportunity. It is a key skill to be able to spot gaps in the market, and take this opportunity to develop a successful business to make money and produce new products. Born or Made? Starting with the first trait independence, independence meaning not wanting to be an employee but be self employed. This is a personal preference which you may be born with and always have a desire to be your own boss. However, this preference may come down to a parent being self employed and seeing him/her having the freedom to take days or afternoons off work and be more flexible may encourage their offspring to be entrepreneurs. The trait of needing fulfilment is one that most people are either born with or not born with. Many people may be happy in a job where they are earning a decent amount and don’t feel the need to try and move up in a company’s hierarchy or leave their job and become an entrepreneur. However, people may not be born with the need for fulfilment but have an idea they genuinely think will succeed and this may encourage them to become more motivated and they will want it to succeed. Overall, the trait of needing fulfilment and achievement is one that can be adopted when older and not necessarily born with. In the case of the internal locus of control, this is something that people may have strong views about and many people make up their own mind about whether they control their own lives or whether fate decides. Education and training is unlikely to change people’s perspective. This perspective is likely to arise from how the person has been brought up, if their parents always told them how fate doesn’t exist then they will probably grow up to believe the same, this means it isn’t something that you are born with (genetic) but is something you may pick up during childhood through the surrounding environment. As shown above confidence is key to being a successful entrepreneur, confidence is something that many people are born with. However, confidence can be built up through therapy or by changing mental attitudes. On the whole, confidence can be made but some people are more naturally confident than others and will need to work less at being that  confident entrepreneur. Innovation is something that is hard to teach and is a trait that you are born with, some people would struggle to come up with ideas and find a gap in the market just as some people are naturally talented at painting and some have to work at it. Innovation is slightly harder to teach that painting however, this is the one trait which would be hard to improve in a person. Conclusion As the above shows many of the traits entrepreneurs need are born with however, they can be improved through education and training later in life. The only one that cannot be improved very easily is innovation. Many people may argue that none of the traits are born with and that they are all developed during childhood and through the environment a person is brought up in. For this reason entrepreneurs are made and many of the traits can be improved to allow a person to become a better entrepreneur. References Billett, M.T. & Qian, Y., 2008. Are Overconfident CEOs Born or Made? Evidence of Self-Attribution Bias from Frequent Acquirers. Management Science, 54(6), pp.1037-1051. Burns, P., 2008. Corporate Entrepreneurship 2nd Edition. Hampshire. Palgrave Macmillan Delgado-Garcà ­a, J.B., Rodrà ­guez-Escudero, A.I. & Martà ­n-Cruz, N., 2012. Influence of Affective Traits on Entrepreneur’s Goals and Satisfaction. Journal of Small Business Management. 50(3), pp.408-428. Judge, T.A. & Bono, J.E., 2001. Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits – Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability – With Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology. 86(1), pp.80-92 Piperopoulos, P.G., 2011. Business Emergence and Growth. Hampshire. Palgrave Macmillan.